The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and positive therapies on adaptive-social performance and academic burnout of perfectionist students

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch

2 university of mohaghegh ardabili

3 Associate Professor of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba'i University

4 Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

10.22098/jsp.2018.702

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the  effectiveness of  positive and cognitive- The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive and cognitive-behavioral therapies on adaptive-social performance and academic burnout of perfectionist students. This was an experimental study with pre/post-test design and a control group. The population included all female students with a perfectionist style in 2016 in Rasht, Iran. The sample consisted of 69 students who were randomly assigned into 3 groups (two experimental groups and one control group). For data collection, we used Stober’s Clinical Perfectionism Scale and Short Form of Solmla-Aro’s Adaptive-Social Inventory and Prais’s Academic Burnout Scale for the experimental groups. Positive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy were executed at 10 weekly sessions, whereas the control group had no intervention. The results showed the positive therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy would increase adaptive-social performance and decrease academic burnout in perfectionist students. There were no significant differences between efficacy of therapies on adaptive-social performance and academic burnout of students. The findings indicated that positive therapy as a new is effective as much as cognitive-behavioral therapy and can be used as an alternative treatment.

Keywords


آقاجانی، سیف الله؛ نریمانی، محمد و آریاپوران، سعید (1390). مقایسه کمال‌گرایی و تحمل ابهام در دانش‌آموزان دختر تیزهوش و عادی. فصلنامه کودکان استثنایی، ۱۱ (۱) ، ۸۳-۹۰.
بدری گرگری، رحیم؛ مصرآبادی، جواد؛ پلنگی، مریم و فتحی، رحیمه (1391). ساختار عاملی پرسش­نامه فرسودگی تحصیلی با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی در دانشآموزان متوسطه. فصل­نامه اندازهگیری تربیتی، 7(3)، 163-185.
بزرگر، یدالله؛ مردانی، مریم؛ مهرابی زاده، مهناز.(1391). اثربخشی مداخله شناختی رفتاری بر کمال گرایی و احساس گناه دانشجویان. فصل­نامه روان­شناسی کاربردی، 6(4)، 85-71.
رستم اوغلی، زهرا و خشنودنیای چماچایی، بهنام (1392). مقایسه ی وجدان تحصیلی و فرسودگی تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان با و بدون ناتوانی یادگیری. مجله ی ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، 2(3)، 37-18.
 شافران، رز؛ اگان، سارا؛ وید، تریسی.(2010). غلبه بر کمال خوایی: راهنمای خودیاری با استفاده از روش­های شناختی-رفتاری(ترجمه، سارا کمالی و فروغ ادریسی، 1391). تهران: انتشارات  ارجمند.
عطادخت، اکبر.(1395). نقش کمال­گرایی و هوش هیجانی در پیش­بینی فرسودگی تحصیلی دانش­آموزان دبیرستانی. مجله روان­شناسی مدرسه، 5(1)، 65-80.
Agajani, S., Narimani, M. & Ariapooran, S. (2011). Comparing of Perfectionism and Tolerance of Ambiguity in Gifted and Non- gifted Students. JOEC, 11 (1) :83-90. (Persian).
Ashbaugh, A., Antony, M. M., Liss, A. M. S. W., Summerfeldt, L. J., Randi, C. E., & Swinson, R. P. (2007). Change in perfectionism following cognitive behavioral treatment for social phobia. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 24, 169–177.
Atadokht,  A.(2016). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on social anxiety of students.  Journal of school psychology, 5(1), 39-45. (Persian).
 Barnett, M.,  Johnson, M.D.(2016).  The perfectionism social disconnection model:  The mediating role of communication styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 200–205.
Casellas‐Grau, A., Font, A., &Vives, J.(2014). Positive psychology interventions in breast Cancer: A systematic review.Psycho Oncology, 23(1), 9-19.
Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2012). Evidence for the validity of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire in a nonclinical population: More than just negative affectivity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(1), 102-108. 
Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(2), 241-253.
Egan, S., Wade, T., Shafran, R., Antony, G.(2014). Behavioral Treatment for Perfectionism.  Behavioral Research  Therapy,  63,  107-113.
Flett, G.L., & Hewitt, P.L. (2002). Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, PP: 255-284.
Flett, GL., & Hewitt, PL. (2005). The perils of perfectionism in sports and exercise. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 14–18.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2009). Positivity. New York: CrownPublishers.
Fredrickson, B. L., &Losada, M.F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60 (12), 678-686.
Frost, R.O., Marten, P., Lahart, CM., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449-468.
Gilman, R., & Huebner, E. S. (2006).Characteristics of adolescents who  report very high  life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35 (3), 311-319.
Glover, D.S., Brown, G. R., Fairburn, C. G.,& Shafran, R. (2007). A preliminary evaluation of cognitive-behavior therapy for clinical perfectionism: A case series. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 85-94.
Handley, A.K., Egan, J.K., Kane, R.T., Rees, C.S.(2015). A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive behavioral therapy for perfectionism. Behavior Research and Therapy, 68, 37–47
Kobori, O., Hayakawa, M., Tanno, Y.(2009).  Do perfectionists raise their standards after success? An experimental examination of the revaluation of standard setting in perfectionism. Journal  Behavoral Therapy Exp Psychiatry. 40(4), 515-21.
Kutlesa, N., & Arthur, N. (2008).Overcoming negative aspects of perfectionism through group treatment. Journal of Rat-Emo Cognitive-BehavTher, 26(1),  134–150.
Lee, J., & Choi, H.(2014). Relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout: Focus on the mediating effect of academic stress and academic procrastination. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 15(11), 6556-6564.
Lethbridge, J.L., Watson, H.J., Egan, S.J., Street, H., Nathan, P.R.(2011). The role of perfectionism, dichotomous thinking, shape and weight overvaluation, and conditional goal setting in eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 12(3), 200–206.
Laney, D. A.,Gruskin, D.J., Fernhoff, J. F., Cubells, O. Y.,Hipp, H & Mehta, A. J.(2010). Social-adaptive and psychological functioning of patients affected by Fabry Disease. Journal of Inherit Metab Dis, 33(3), 873-881.
Layous, K; Chanceller, J; Lyubomirsky, S; Wang, L; Doraiswamy, M.(2011).  Delivering happiness:
Translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depression disorders. Journal Altern Complement Med, 17(8), 675-83
Macedo, A.(2016). Disordered eating behaviors, perfectionism and perseverative negative thinking–Study in a clinical sample. European Psychiatry, 33, S431.
Mitchell, J.H., Newall, C., Broeren, S., Hudson, J.L.(2013).The role of perfectionism in cognitive behavior therapy outcomes for clinically anxious children. Behavior Research and Therapy,  51(9),  547–554.
Ongen, E.D.(2009). The relationship between perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among high school adolescents. Torky journal of multicultural counseling and development, 3(1), 52-66.
Park, H.J, Heppner, P.P., Lee, D.G.(2010).  Maladaptive coping and self-esteem as mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 469– 474.
Park, H., Jeong, D.Y.(2015). Psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. Personality and Individual Differences, 72,  167-170.
Pereira, A.,  Pereira, A.T.,  Ferreira, T.,  Pissarra, A.,  Macedo, A.,  Nogueira, V.(2015). Perseverative Negative Thinking Mediates the Relationship Between Perfectionism Cognitions and OCD Symptoms. European Psychiatry,  30(1), 28–31.
Pereira, A.T.,  Monteiro, E.,  Castilho,  P.,  Fonseca, L., Roque, C., Marques, M.,  Xavier, S.,  Macedo, A.(2016). Disordered eating behaviors, perfectionism and perseverative negative thinking–Study in a clinical sample. European Psychiatry,  33, S431.
Pleva, J., & Wade, T. D. (2006). Guided self-help versus pure self-help for perfectionism: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 849–861.
Peterson, P., & Park, N. (2004). Classification and measurement of character strengths: Implicationfor practice. In P. A. Linley & Joseph (Eds.), Positive Psychology. NY: Wiley& Sons.
Price, C. S., Spence, S. H., Sheffield, J., & Donovan, C. (2002). The development and psychometric properties of a measure of social and adaptive functioning for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 111-122.
Riley, C., Lee, M., Cooper, Z., Fairburn, C. G., & Shafran, R. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy for clinical perfectionism: A preliminary study. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2221–2231.
Rostamogli, Z. & Khoshnoodnia Chomachaei, B. (2013). Comparing academic conscience and academic burnout in students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2(3), 18-37. (Persian).
Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Nordgren, L.C., Landstrom, A., & Roos, S.(2017). A randomized controlled trial of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for perfectionism including an investigation of outcome predictors. Behavior Research and Therapy, 95(1), 79-86.
Sadri, S.K., Anderson, R.A., McEvoy, P.M., Kane, R.T., Egan, S.J.(2017). A Pilot Investigation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Clinical Perfectionism in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45(3), 312-320.
Sahraee, A., Khosravi, Z., & Besharat, M. (2009). Relation between Non-Rational Belief and Positive-Negative Perfectionist in Student of Noshahr. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(1), 9-42.
Salmela-Aro, K., Kiuru, N., Leskinen, E., & Nurmi, J, J. (2009). School burnout inventory (SBI): Reliability and validity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 48-57.
Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., Fairburn, C.G.(2002). Clinical perfectionism: a cognitive–behavioral analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773–791.
Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S.(2010).Overcoming Perfectionism: a self-help guide using cognitive behavior techniques. (Translated by: Sara Kamali, Forough Edrisi, 2012). Thehran: Arjmand published(Text in Persian).
Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Kothari, R., etal.(2017). Is the devil in the detail? A randomized controlled trial of guided internet-based CBT for perfectionism. Behavior Research and Therapy, 95(1), 99-105.
Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
Seligman. M.E.P.; Rashid, T.; Parks, A.C.(2006). Positive psychotherapy. Am Psychol, 61(8), 774-786.
Seligman, M.E.P., Ernest, R.M., Gillham, J., Peivich, K & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(2), 293-311.
Seligman, M.E.P., Parks, A.C., & Steen, T. (2004). A balanced psychology and a full life. The Royal Society, 359(1449), 1379-1381.
Shim,  S.S.,  Fletcher, K.L.(2012). Perfectionism and social goals: What do perfectionists want to achieve in social situations? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(8), 919–924.
Stober, J., Corr, P.J.(2017). Perfectionism, personality, and future-directed thinking: Further insights from revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. Personality and Individual Differences,  105(1), 78–83
Stoeber, J., & Damian, L. E. (2014). The Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire: Further evidence for two factors capturing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Personality and Individual Differences, 61(1), 38-42.
Weiner, L., Rouqutte, S., Chen Chi, M.L.(2017). Therapy cognitive et compartmental du perfectionism (TCC-P): evaluation d’un protocol trans-diagnostic à partier de deux études de cas. Journal de Therapy  Compartmental et Cognitive(In press).
Zhang, Y., Gan, Y., & Cham, H. (2007). Perfectionism, academic burnout and engagement among Chinese college students: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1529-1540.
Zargar, Y., Mardani, M., Mehrabizade, M.(2012).  Effectiveness of cognitive-behavior intervention on perfectionism and guilt  of students. Journal of Applied Psychology,  4(6), 71-85(Text in Persian).