The role behavioral activation/inhibition system, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and temperament and character predicting symptoms of social anxiety in high school students

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MA in clinical psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran

2 Associate professor, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

3 Associateprofessor, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran

10.22098/jsp.2018.727

Abstract

This study aims to predict social anxiety in high students through the variables of behavioral activation/inhibition system, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the temperament and character. The research method was descriptive and correlational. All male and female high school students studying in Bostan Abad county in academic year 2015-2016 comprised the population of this study among whom 120 participants (60 boys and 60 girls) were selected by cluster sampling. The data were collected through behavioral activation/inhibition systems, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, temperament and character and social anxiety questionnaires. It was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The findings revealed a relationship between BIS, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and two temperaments (harm avoidance and innovation) and one of the character dimensions (leadership), and a significant relationship with social anxiety symptoms. The high sensitivity of BIS system and the difficulty of cognitive strategies as well as novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-direction were involved in the development and maintenance of social anxiety. By examining these variables, the target disorder can be prevented.

Keywords


ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ بهرامی، محمد؛ نریمانی، محمد. (1393). تنظیم شناختی هیجان و ترس از ارزیابی در نوجوانان دختر دارای نشانه‌های اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و بهنجار. دو فصلنامه بالینی کودک و نوجوانان، 2(1)،57-70.
انجمن روان­پزشکی آمریکا. (2013). راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلالات روانی. ترجمه­ی سید محمدی، یحیی (1393). تهران: نشر روان.
بشر پور، سجاد. (1394). صفات شخصیت: نظریه و آزمون. تهران: انتشارات ساوالان.
بهاری، محمد. (1388). نقش منش، سرشت و آلکسی­تایمی در تمیز نشانه‌های مثبت و منفی بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی. پایانامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
بهرامی، محمد؛ ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ نریمانی، محمد. (1392). مقایسه ی ادراک از خود و رفتارهای ایمنی در دانش آموزان دارای نشانه های اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و بهنجار. مجله روانشناسی مدرسه، 2(1)،62-79.
خداپناهی، محمدکریم. (1388). انگیزش و هیجان. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
عبداللهی مجارشین، رضا. (1385). رابطه سیستم‌های بازداری/فعال سازی رفتاری با سوگیری حافظه ناآشکار و آشکار در افراد افسرده. پایانامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز.
فتح اللهی، سیامک؛ بخشی­پور رودسری، عباس؛ هاشمی نصرت­آباد، تورج؛ فرنام، علیرضا؛ وثوقی، اصغر. (1394). رابطه ساختاری بین ویژگی­های سرشت و منش و شخصیت با اختلالات عاطفی. مجله روان‌شناسی بالینی،  7(2)، 76-61.
فتحی آشتیانی، علی. (1388). آزمون­های روان شناختی: ارزشیابی شخصیت و سلامت روان. تهران: انتشارات بعثت.
فرید حسینی، فرهاد؛ کاویانی، حسین؛ اسعدی، سید محمد؛ علی ملایری، نوشین؛ مقدس بیات، محمد رضا. (1386). الگوی سرشت ومنش در افراد مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت ضد اجتماعی و مقایسه آن با هنجار جامعه ایران. تازه­های علوم شناختی، 9(2)، 54-60.
نریمانی، محمد؛ عالی­ساری نصیرلو، کریم؛ عفت­پور، سودا. (1392). اثر بخشی آموزش متمرکز بر هیجان بر راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان دانش آموزان آزاردیده عاطفی. فصلنامه مشاوره کاربردی، 3(2)،37-50.
نریمانی، محمد؛ عباسی، مسلم؛ ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ احدی، بتول. (1392). مقایسه ی اثر بخشی آموزش پذیرش/ تعهد با آموزش تنظیم هیجان بر سازگاری دانش­آموزان دارای اختلال ریاضی. مجله ناتوانی­های یادگیری، 2(4)،154-176.
 
 
Abdollahi Majarshin, R. (2006). The relationship between inhibition / behavioral activation systems with explicit and implicit memory bias in depressed people. Psychology Master's thesis, University of Tabriz. (Persian)
Abolghasemi, A., Bahrami, M., & Narimani, M. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation and fear of evaluations in female students with and without the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Journal Management System, 2(1),57-70. (Persian)
Aldao, A., Nolen Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237.
Alfano, C. A., & Beidel, D. C. (2011). Social anxiety in adolescents and young adults. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Books.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Translation by Seyyed Mohammadi, Y (2014). Tehran: Ravan pub. (Persian)
Anderson, E. R., & Hope, D. A. (2009). The relationship among social phobia objective and perceived physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 18-26.
Bahari, M. (2009). The role of temperament, character and alexithymia in distinction negative and positive symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. Master of Clinical Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. (Persian)
Bahrami, M., Abolghasemi, A., & Narimani, M. (2012). Comparing of self-perception and safety measures in students with social anxiety disorder symtoms and normal students. Journal of School Psychology, 2(1),62-79. (Persian)
Basharpoor, S. (2015). Personality traits: Theory and testing. Tehran: Savalan Publications. (Persian)
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333.
Cloninger, C. R. (2002). Functional Neuro anatomy and Brain Imaging of personality and its Disorders. In: D’haenen, H; Den Boer, J; Westen burg, H; Wilner, p. (Eds.), Textbook of Biological psychiatry, Vol. 2, Chapter XXVI-6, New York: Wiley.
Cloninger, C. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (2005). Personality disorders. In Sadoc, B. J. & Sadock, K. V. A. (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (Eight Edition, pp. 2063-2105). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchil, L. R., Sherwood, A., Foa, e., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phibia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. British Journal Psychiatry, 176,379-386.
Fahlén, T. (1995). Personality traits in social phobia, I: comparisons with healthy controls. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 560–68.
Farid Hosseini, F., Kaviani, H., Assadi, M., Ali Malayeri, N., & Moghadas Bayat, M. R. (2007). Pattern of temperament and character factors in people with antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 54-60. (Persian)
Fathi Ashtiani, A. (2009). Psychological tests: Personality and mental health. Tehran: Besat Pub. (Persian)
Fathollahi, S., Bakhshipour-Rudsari, A., Hashemi-Nosratabadi, T., Farnam, A., & Vosughi, A. (2015). Structural relation of temperament and character components of personality with emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(2), 61-76. (Persian)
Feliu, T., Balle, M., & Sese, A. (2010). Relationships between negative affectivity, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in adolescents as examined through structural equation modeling. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 686-693.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: a comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659-1669.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Spinhoven, P. (2002). CERQ: Manual for the use of cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Leiderdorp, The Netherlands: DATEC.
Gray, J. A,. McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuro psychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo hippocampal system. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gross, J. J. (1999).  Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Journal of Cognitive and Emotion, 13(5), 551-573.
Gross, J. J. (2007). Hand book of emotion regulation. New York:  Guilford Press.
Hofman, S. G., & Barlow, D. H. (2002). Social phobia (social anxiety disorder). In D. H. Barlow (Ed.). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd, ed, New York, The Guilford Press.
Hofmann, S. G., Loh, R. (2006). The tridimensional personality questionnaire: Changes during psychological treatment of social phobia. Journal of  Psychiatric Research, 40(3), 214–220.
Jacobsen, B. (2008). Intervention to existential psychology, a psychology for theunique Human being and its application intherapy. England:  Wiely.
Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58(6), 1459-1473.
Khodapanahi, M. K. (2009). Motivetion and emotion. Tehran: Samt Pub. (Persian)
Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 592- 612.
Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2010). An examination of the relationship between behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and social interaction anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 372–378.
Loxton, N. J., & Dawe, S. (2001). Alcohol abuse and dysfunctional eating in adolescent girls: The influence of individual differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 455–462.
Ly, C., & Gomez, R. (2014). Unique associations of reinforcement sensitivity theory dimensions with social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 20–24.
Mennin, D., Farach, F. J. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psycho pathology. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 14(4), 329-352.
Miers,  A. C.,  Blote,  A. W., Bogels, S. M., & Westenberg, P. M. (2008). Interpretation bias and social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8),1462-1471.
Mörtberg, E., Bejerot, S., Wistedt, A. A. (2007). Temperament and character dimensions in patients with social phobia: Patterns of change following treatments? Psychiatry Research, 152, 81–90.
Murs, p., Meesters, C., & Spinder, M. (2005). Relationships between child and parent-reported behanvioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in normal adolescents. Personality and individuoal Differences, 34, 759-771.
Naito, M., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (2000). Temperament and Character Inventory [TCI] as predictors of depression among Japanese college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1579–1585.
Narimani, M., Alisari Nasirlou, K.,& Effat-Parvar, S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Training for Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies of Emotionally Abused Students. Journal of Applied Counseling, 3(2),37-50. (Persian)
Narimani, M., Abbasi, M., Abolghasemi, A.,& Ahadi, B. (2013). A study comparing the effectiveness of acceptance/ commitment by emotional regulation training on adjustment in students with dyscalculia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2(4),154-176. (Persian)
Paklek, M.,  & Videc,  M. (2008). Psychometric properties of the social anxiety scale for adolescents (SASA) and its relation to positive imaginary audience and academic performance in Slovene adolescents. Studia Psychological, 50(1), 49-65.
Panayiotou, G., Karekla, M., & Panayiotou, M. (2014). Direct and indirect predictors of social anxiety: The role of anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, experiential avoidance and self-consciousness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(8), 1875-1882.
Pelissolo, A., Andre, C., Pujol, H., Yao, S. N., Servant, D., Braconnieer, A. (2002). Personality dimensions in social phobics with or without depression. Acta Psiquiatr, 105, 94-103.
Savoia, M. G., Neto, T. P. B., Vianna, A. M., Márcio Bernik, M. (2010). Evaluation of personality traits in social phobia patients. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica, 37, 579-582.
Smolewska, K. A., McCabe, S. B., Woody, E. Z. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and ‘‘Big Five’’. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1269-1279.
Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Van Hemert, A. M., De Rooij, M., & Penninx, B.W. (2014). A longitudinal study of facets of extraversion in depression and social anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 39-44.
Svrakic, D. M., Draganic, S., hill, k., Bayon, C., przybeck, T. R., Cloninger, C. R. (2002). Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic diagnostic, treatment issues. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 106(3), 189-195.
Van dillen, l. F,. & kool, s. l. (2007). clearing the mind: A working memory model of distraction from negative emotion. Clinical psychiatry,7(4), 715-723.
Vervoort, L., Wolters, L . H., Hogendoorn, S. M,. De Haan, E., Boer, F., &  Prins, P. J. M. (2010). Sensitivity of Gray behavioral inhibition system in clinically anxious and non-anxious children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 629–633.
Voncken, M. J., Bogels, S. M. (2008). Social  performance deficits in social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased perception during speech. Journal  of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1384-1392.
Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg,  R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion  regulation in social anxiety disorder: The emotion regulition interview. Journal of Psycho pathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 346-354.