The frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder among teachers and its complications with other psychiatric symptoms

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was the investigation of OCD prevalence and its complications with other psychiatric symptoms disorders among teachers.
Methods This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. In this study, 2000 subjects were selected through cluster sampling among teachers, among whom 1916 subjects completed the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale(YBOCS) and demographic questionnaire. In the second stage, 66 subjects who had scores above and 66 subjects who had scores below the cut-off point of 20 in the YBOCS completed the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and symptom checklists SCL-90-R. Data were analyzed using frequency, percent, Kruskal-Wallis and multivariate regression.
Results The results showed that the prevalence of OCD among teachers was 8%.Teachers with higher and lower education (p = 0.001), with and without history of illness (p = 0.001) and weak and prosperous economic situation (p = 0.009), had a significant difference in the rate of OCD. Also, the highest complications OCD was in OCD patients with paranoid, depression and anxiety disorders. Depression, interpersonal sensitivity, somatization and phobia were the most prominent variables in the prediction of OCD.
Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that the prevalence of OCD among teachers is higher than the reported prevalence in the other countries, and paranoid, depression and anxiety psychiatric symptoms were comorbid in OCD patients which highlights the need to pay attention to this.

Keywords


احمدوند، افشین؛ سپهرمنش، زهرا؛ قریشی، فاطمه؛ عصاریان، فاطمه؛ موسوی، غلامعباس؛ ساعی، رضوان؛ فرناز، اعتصام(1389). بررسی شیوع اختلالات روانی در جمعیت عمومی شهر در کاشان. مجله تخصصی اپیدمیولوژی ایران، 6(٢)،٢۴-١۶.http://irje.tums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html
امانی، ملاحت ؛ ابوالقاسمی، عباس ؛ احدی، بتول و نریمانی، محمد(1392). شیوع OCD در بین زنان 20 تا 40 ساله ی شهرستان اردبیل. مجله ی اصول بهداشت روانی، 15(3)، 233-42 .  [Doi: 10.22038/JFMH.2013.1897]
امین پور، حسن؛ زارع ، حسین(1392). کاربرد آزمون های روانی. چاپ اول. تهران. انتشارات دانشگاه پیام نور.
بیانی، علی اصغر ؛ محمد کوچکی، عاشور و محمد کوچکی، قربان(1386). تعیین وضعیت سلامت روانی معلمان استان گلستان با استفاده از چک لیست نشانگان روان(SCL.90.R). مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان، 9(2)، 44-39.http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-260-fa.html
دادفر، محبوبه(1376). بررسی همبودی اختلالات شخصیت در بیماران وسواس فکری – عملی و مقایسه آنها با افراد بهنجار، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی بالینی، انستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران.
دیداران، سودابه (1377). شیوع افسردگی در اختلال وسواس فکری – عملی ، رساله دکتری تخصصی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی تهران .
کاپلان و سادوک(2007). خلاصه روان‌پزشکی علوم رفتاری / روانپزشکی بالینی. ویراست دهم. ترجمه فرزین رضاعی(1387) جلد دوم، ویرایش دهم. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
کاپلان و سادوک (2015). خلاصه روانپزشکی / علوم رفتاری، ویراست یازدهم. ترجمه فرزین رضاعی ( 1394 ). جلد اول، ویرایش یازدهم. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
ساعتچی، محمود؛ کامکاری، کامبیز و عسکریان، مهناز(1389). آزمونهای روان شناختی . چاپ اول. تهران: نشر ویرایش.
شمس، گیتی؛ کرم قدیری، نرگس؛ اسماعیلی ترکانبوری، یعقوب؛ امینی، همایون؛ ابراهیم خانی، نرگس؛ ناصری بفرونی، علی و همکاران (1386). شیوع نشانه های وسواس فکری - عملی درنوجوانان و میزان هم ابتلایی آن با سایر علائم روان‌پزشکی ، تازه های علوم شناختی، 9(4)، 59-50.https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=81721.
صفرعلیزاده، فاطمه ؛ هاشم لو، لیلا  ؛ باقریه، فرزانه و متعارفی، حسین( 1393 )، بررسی شیوع اختلال وسواس فکری – عملی، روان پرستاری، 2(2)، 21-13.http://ijpn.ir/article-1-329-fa.html
فرجی، پرویز؛ فرجی، رباب؛ کاظمی، رضا و دیده روشنی، سونیا(1390)، بررسی رابطه بین نیمرخ روانی و ویژگی های شخصیتی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال وسواس فکری – عملی (طرح تحقیقاتی)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل.  https://eprints.arums.ac.ir/2885/
مسعودزاده، عباس(1385). بررسی فراوانی اختلال و سواسی - جبری در دانش آموزان دختر دبیرستان های شهرستان ساری، مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، 17(60)، 101-95 . [Doi: sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=70435]
نریمانی، محمد؛ یوسفی، فاطمه و کاظمی، رضا. (1393). نقش سبک‌های دلبستگی و کیفیت زندگی در پیش بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی نوجوانان مبتلا به ناتوانی‌های یادگیری. مجله ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، 3(4)، 124-142.
واقعی، سعید؛ رجب دیزاوندی، فاطمه؛ کردی، معصومه و ابراهیم زاده، سعید(1392). فراوانی اختلال وسواس فکری – عملی در دوره های قبل از ازدواج، بارداری و پس از زایمان. مجله ی اصول بهداشت روانی، 15(4)، 284-94. [Doi: 10.22038/jfmh.2013.2279]
Ahmadvand , A., Sepehr Manesh, Z., Goreishi, F., Asarian, F., Moosavi, G.A., Saei, R., & et al. (2010). Examination of  prevalence of  metal disorders in general population of Kashan city in 2008. Journal of Iran epidemiology, 6(2), 16-24. (Persian)  http://irje.tums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html
Amani, M., Abolqasemi, A., Ahadi, B., & Narimani, M. (2013). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among the women 20 to 40 years old of Ardabil city. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 15 (3), 233-242. (Persian)  [Doi: 10.22038/JFMH.2013.1897]
American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5td ed; text revised). Washington, DC: Author.
Aminpour, H. & Zare, H., (2013). Application of mental tests. First Edition. Tehran. Payam Noor University Publications. (Persian)
Bayani, A.A., Mohammad Kuchaki, A., & Mohammad Kuchaki, G. (2007). Determination of mental health status of teachers in Golestan with using symptoms checklist SCL.90-R. Journal Medical Sciences of Gorgan University, 9(2), 39-44. (Persian)  http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-260-fa.html 
Bebbington, P.E. (1998). Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry Suppl,  35, 2-6.
Bland, R.C., Stebelsky, G., Orn, H., & Newman, S.C.(1988). Psychiatric disorders and unemployment in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77, 72-80.  [Doi:10.1192/S0007125000297833]
Dadfar, M. (1998) The study of personality disorders in patient with obsessive-compolsive disorder and compared it with normal individual. Master thesis in clinical psychology. Tehran.  (Persian)
Didaran, S. (1998). The prevalence of depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder - practical, phd thesis of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. (Persian).
Diler, R. S., & Avci, A.(2002). Sociodemografic and clinical characteristics of Turkish children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Croatian Medical Journal, 43(3), 324-329. http://neuron.mefst.hr › docs › CMJ ›
Faraji, P., Faraji, R., Kazemi, R. & Dide Roshani, S. (2011). The Survey of the Relationship Between Personality Trait and Psychic Profiles in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Ardabil (APL), Medical Sciences of Ardabil University. (Persian) https://eprints.arums.ac.ir/2885/
Fireman, B., Koran, L.M., Leventhal, J.L., & Jacobson, A.(2001). The prevalence of clinically recognized obsessive-compulsive disorder in a large health maintenance organization. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 1904-1910.   [Doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1904 ]
Ghassemzadeh, H., Khamseh, A. & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Demographic variables and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Iranian patients (second report), in B. E. Ling (Ed), obsessive-compulsive disorder research ( PP.243-.271). NewYork: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. [Doi: 10.4236/psych.2011.23032]
Goodman, W. K., & Rasmussen, S. A. (1989). The YaleBrown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), Part II: Validity. Journal of Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006-1016. [Doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008]
Hernández , J., & Voltas, M. (2012). The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in Spanish school children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(7), 746-752. [Doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.003]
Heyman, I., Fomobonne, E., Simmons, H., Ford, T., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2003). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in British nationwide survey of child mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 15(1-2), 178-184. [Doi:10.1080/0954026021000046146]
Hollander, E. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: The hidden epidemic. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(12), 3-6. https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com › publications ›
Humaida, M. A., Ismail, I. A., Abd-Alfattah, M., & Eisa, A. A. (2004). Prevalence rates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychiatric comorbidity among secondary-school students in rural Rgypt. International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction, 7, 61-65. http://pdfarchive.ir › pack-12
 Ismail, R. (1998). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a sample of adolescents enrolled in secondary school as well as university education in Egypt. Unpublished MD thesis, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
Jenike, M. A., Baer, L., & Minichiello, W. E. (1990). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Theory and management. Littleton, PSG Publisher.
Jaisooray TS, Reddy YCJ, Srinath SC(2003). Is juvenile OCD a development subtype of disorder? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 3, 290-7  [Doi: 10.1007/s00787-003-0342-2]
Kaplan. C. P., Miner. M. E. (1998). Does the SCL 90-R obsessivecompulsive dimension identify cognitive impairments. Journal of Head Trauma Rebabil, 13 (3), 94-101. [Doi: 10.1097/00001199-199806000-00009]
Kaplan & Sadock . (2007). Synopsis of Psychiatry: behavioral sciences, 10th. ed, c2007.Translation: F. Rezaee (2007). Tehran: Arjmand Publications. (Persian)
Kaplan & Sadock. (2015). Synopsis of Psychiatry: behavioral sciences, 11th. ed, c2015.Translation: F. Rezaee (2015). Tehran: Arjmand Publications. (Persian)
 Karno, M., Golding, J.M., Sorenson, S.B., & Burnam, A.(1988). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45, 1094-1099.  [Doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006]
Massoudzadeh, A. (2007). A survey of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder prevalence among High school girl students in Sari. Journal Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 17 (60), 95-101. (Persian)    [Doi:sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=70435]
Narimani, M., Yosefi, F., & Kazemi, R. (2014). The role of attachment styles and quality of life in predicting psychological well-being in adolescents with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3(4), 124-142. [In Persian] [Doi: 93-3-4-8]
Rasmussen, S.A., & Eisen, J.L. (1992). The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North, 15, 743-758  [Doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00006-A]
Ricciardi, J. N., & McNally, R. J. (1995). Depressed mood is related to obsessions, but not to compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 249-256.  [Doi:10.1016/0887-6185(95)00006-A]
 Saatchi, M., Kamkari, K., & Askarian, M. (2010). Psychological tests. First Edition. Tehran. virayesh Publish. (Persian)
Safaralizadeh, F., Hashemloo, L., Bagheri, F., & Mofandarfi, H. (2013), The prevalence obsessive- compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(6),13-21. (Persian)  http://ijpn.ir/article-1-329-fa.html
Saleem, T., & Gul, S.(2011). Prevalence of obsessive and compulsions among adults of Pakistan community. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(4), 348-353  [Doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2013]
Shams, G., Karam Gadiri, N., Esmaeli, Y., Amini, H., Ebramihikhani, N., Naseri, A., & et al. (2007). Prevalence of obsessive compulsive symptoms in adolescences and it's comorbidity with psychiatry symptoms other. The Novelties of Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 50-59. (Persian). https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=81721.
Torres, A.R., Prince, M.J., Bebbington, P.E., Bhugra, D., Brugha ,T.S., Farrell, M., & et al. (2006). Obsessivecompulsive disorder: Prevalence, comorbidity, impact, and help-seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000. Am J Psychiatry, 163,1978-1985. [Doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1978]
Vaghei, S., Rajab Dizavandi, F., Kordi, M., & Ebrahimzadeh, S.(2014). The frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder in women before marriage,during pregnancy and postpartum periods. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 4(60), 284- 294. (Persian)[Doi:10.22038/jfmh.2013.2279]
Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.G., Canino, G.J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.G., Lee, C.K., et al. (1994). The cross-national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(3), 5-10.   https://europepmc.org › article › med
Yoldascan, E., Ozenli, Y., Kutlu, O., Topal, K., & Bozkurt, A. (2009). Prevalence of obsessive compulsive disorder in Turkish university students and assessment of associated factors. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 40 [Doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-9-40]